976 resultados para Variação genética


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Lymnaea truncatula é um gastrópode de água doce com importância em medicina por ser hospedeiro intermediário do tremátode parasita Fasciola hepatica. É o único hospedeiro intermediário desta espécie encontrado até agora em Portugal. A fasciolose é responsável por perdas de produtividade em gado. Nos humanos, é uma parasitose emergente com relevo em saúde pública em várias regiões do globo. Portugal é o segundo país europeu com maior prevalência. L. truncatula é de difícil controlo por ser anfíbia e ter boa capacidade de sobrevivência e adaptação. A eficácia dos programas de controlo e monitorização depende da correcta identificação das espécies de hospedeiros intermediários, dado que nem todas as espécies apresentam a mesma sensibilidade à infecção por F. hepatica. A morfologia da concha e a anatomia dos órgãos são insuficientes na identificação das espécies, sendo necessário usar técnicas de biologia molecular. Os objectivos deste estudo foram: estudar a distribuição, a variação da densidade populacional ao longo do ano, a diversidade genética, os habitats e a influência de parâmetros físicos, químicos e biológicos, na densidade populacional de L. truncatula em cinco distritos portugueses (Coimbra, Évora, Leiria, Lisboa e Funchal). Realizaram-se inquéritos malacológicos bimestrais durante 2 anos, entre Janeiro de 2006 e Dezembro de 2007 em Portugal continental e dois (Julho e Novembro de 2009) na ilha da Madeira. No continente, encontrou-se L. truncatula em: ribeiros temporários, com pouca vegetação, substrato de argila e matéria em decomposição e com água límpida, incolor e inodora, e com concentração de cálcio e de sulfatos até 50 mg/l e 267mg/l, respectivamente. A presença de outras espécies de moluscos, como Planorbarius metidjensis, Lymnaea peregra e da subclasse Prosobronchiata, assim como concentrações elevadas de nitratos, estão associados a uma menor densidade populacional. Na ilha da Madeira, os habitats foram predominantemente: escorrimentos de encosta, permanentes, com fraca exposição solar, pouca vegetação, substrato de rocha, argila e matéria em decomposição e com água límpida, incolor e inodora, acima dos 14,4ºC. A densidade populacional diminui com o aumento dos valores de nitratos e aumenta com a concentração de cálcio na água. As fezes de animais presentes junto às colecções de água não apresentaram ovos de F. hepatica. Foi encontrado um exemplar de F. hepatica no fígado de um gamo da Tapada Nacional de Mafra (distrito de Lisboa)Estudou-se a diversidade genética de L. truncatula através de RAPD-PCR e sequenciação do gene ribossomal 18S e da região ITS-2 (este também por PCR-RFLP). Identificou-se pela primeira vez em Portugal continental e na ilha da Madeira uma espécie, geneticamente diferente mas morfologicamente muito semelhante a L. truncatula – Lymnaea schirazensis. Na ilha da Madeira, foi detectado um haplotipo distinto do presente no continente. O marcador de RAPD - OPA2 e PCR-RFLP com HpaII, são bons marcadores para distinção entre L. truncatula e L. schirazensis. Adicionalmente, detectou-se pela primeira vez na ilha da Madeira L. (Pseudosuccinea) columella, conhecido hospedeiro intermediário de F. hepatica. Este estudo permitiu melhorar o conhecimento sobre hospedeiros intermediários de F. hepatica em Portugal, o que poderá melhorar o controlo e monitorização da fasciolose.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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The present research has proposed to estimate the genetic variation of growth traits and to estimate the expected gain by multi-effect index (MEI), in order to transform a Pinus caribaea var. caribaea progeny trial into a seedling seed orchard. The progeny trial was set up in 1989, in Selviria, MS, Brazil, using a 10 x 10 triple lattice design, with 99 progenies and a commercial control, with linear plots of ten plants, by the 3 x 3 m spacing between plants and rows. Total plant height, diameter at breast height (Dbh), wood volume, stem form, wood density at breast height, and survival were the evaluated quantitative traits. The trial was measured through 14, 15, and 16 years old. The 50% intensity of thinning at 14.3 years old was done. No significant was the genetic variation of different traits. Heritability estimates have presented low magnitude with low variation by the different ages. The application of MEI to DBH, at two years after thinning, resulted in higher gains than the selection of within and among progenies. The best selection strategy to obtain higher gains and to keep genetic diversity is to select until five plants per progenies.

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Brazil is one of the world's richest countries in forest biodiversity. This has a great importance for humanity for sheltering essential scientific potential for the improvement in the quality of living beings. It also contributes to the preservation of natural resources and the environment. Among Brazil's forest species, jenipapo (Genipa americana L.) is commonly found in riparian vegetation. The objective of this work was to quantify the genetic variability of biochemical traits of seeds, as a support for in situ and ex situ conservation of natural populations of G. americana L. Two populations of the species were studied: one from Ilha Solteira, SP region (ISA) and other from Mogi Guaçu, SP (MOG). In the ISA population, seeds were collected from 30 trees, and in the MOG population, from 22 trees. These seeds were analyzed for chemical composition: content of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and starch. The two populations of G. americana studied had a great genetic variation for these traits. The population ISA had an additive and phenotypic correlation, which was negative and high for starch with lipid; and positive and medium, for lipid with prolamine, as well as for globulin with prolamine. The population MOG presented additive and phenotypic correlations: positive and medium for gluteline with globulin. In these populations, narrow sense heritability estimates of progenies were moderate (0.69 for carbohydrates in the population ISA) to high (0.81 to 0.99 for the other traits in the two populations), indicating that much progress can be expected with selection strategies.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic variation, the genotype × soil interaction and the selection among and within Corymbia citriodora progenies in three different kinds of soils (Red Latossol, Quartz Sand and Purple Latossol), which occur in the Luiz Antônio Experimental Station, São Paulo State, Brazil. The progeny test was established 1983, using 56 open-pollinated families of C. citriodora. Twenty fve years after planting the following traits were measured: height, diameter at breast height (Dbh), stem form and survival. Best growth occurred in Purple Latossol. Significant differences among progenies were detected for most traits in all sites, suggesting the possibility of improvement by selection. In the analysis with sites, Significant differences among locals, progenies and genotypes × soil interaction were detected, confiming that the tested material has sufficient genetic variation to be explored by selection in all sites. The analysis of genotype × soil interaction indicates that growth traits present single interaction and the same progenies can be selected in each site. On the order hand, genotype × soil interaction for stem form and survival was complex; and specifc progenies need to be selected for each kind of soil. The population, due to its high genetic variation and strong genetic control of traits, permits to obtain considerable genetic gains by selection among and within progenies.

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Eucalyptus camaldulensis has great importance in Brazil because of their phenotypic plasticity for different environmental conditions, as soils, altitudes and rainfall. This study is an investigation of a base population of E. camaldulensis from Australia through a progeny test implanted in Selvíria, MS. The trial was established in a randomized block design, with 25 families and 60 replications of single tree plots. Genetic parameters for anatomic traits and volume shrinkage were estimated, as well as their correlations with wood basic density. No significant differences among progenies were observed for the traits studied. The additive genetic variation coefficient at individual and among progeny levels ranged from low (0.26%) to high (16.98%). The narrow sense heritability at individual and family means levels also ranged from low (0.01) to high (0.87). This indicates that some traits are under strong genetic control and can be improved by selection. In the present situation, in order to attain the highest genetic gains, the sequential selection among and within progeny would be recommended.

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The aims of this study were to evaluate the variation and to estimate genetic parameters for silvicultural anatomic wood traits for genetic breeding of a Myracrodruon urundeuva (Engler) Fr. Allem, population from Selvíria-MS. For this, from samples of a progeny test established in the Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão da Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira/UNESP, macroscopic anatomic wood traits of M. urundeuva (tangential diameter and vases frequency per mm2) and growth traits were measured (height, DBH and stem form). Genetic parameters were estimated in 28 open-pollinated progenies, in three replications and 10 plants per plot, using a REML/BLUP approach. Between the analysed traits, the DBH is the most indicated for selection for timber production, because it presented the highest values of coefficient of genetic variation, heritabilities and selective accuracy. Between the anatomic traits, the vessels frequency in the pith showed the highest values for genetic parameters. For pulp yield, based on the multi-effect index, the strategy of selecting the best trees for vessels frequency in the pith, independent of the progeny, permitted to obtain substantial gains by mass selection, without progeny test.

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Knowledge of genetic variation in native tree species has helped direct strategies of genetic ex situ conservation, based on provenances and progenies tests. These tests use fixed spacing, not allowing evaluating the behavior of different progenies under this management variable. One way to evaluate simultaneously the genetic variation and different spacing in a small planting area is to use a systematic design. The aim of this study was to estimate the genetic variation and to evaluate its performance in Jacaranda cuspidifolia under different spacing. We used a progeny test in a systematic fan design, arranged in a system of 30 concentric rays, with one progeny per ray, randomly, at angles of 12°. The plants were arranged in rays in geometric progression of ratio 1.21, corresponding to nine for plant spacing: 1,95 m2; 2,86 m2; 4,18 m2; 6,12 m2; 8,96 m2; 13,12 m2; 19,21 m2; 28,13 m2; e 41,19 m 2 installed in Selvíria/MS. The traits height, height diameter of 30 cm to soil (DA3) and survival were evaluated at 12 and 24 months of age. Estimates of genetic parameters and spacing were evaluated using the procedure REML/BLUP (restricted maximum likelihood / best linear unbiased prediction). The progenies showed genetic variation, showing that the sample strategy to ex situ conservation was efficient. The species showed good adaptability inthe field and the best performance in treating five, equivalent to a 3 × 3 m spacing, with 8,96 m2;/plant for all traits. The fan systematic design permitted to evaluate in a small area the silvicultural behavior of J. Cuspidifolia plants in spacing varying from 2 to 42 m2/plant (5.000 to 238 trees/ha); which could hardly be evaluat by the traditional designs.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Zoologia) - IBB